Muscular Disorders Case Report free essay sample

A mother presents with her 13 y/o child with a background marked by visit falls, trouble getting up from a lying or sitting position, inconvenience bouncing, enormous lower leg muscles and less than stellar scores in school. In light of the depiction and side effects given, the probable analysis would be Duchenne’s strong dystrophy, or DMD; despite the fact that DMD and its manifestations will in general appear at a prior age however not generally. This sort of strong dystrophy is the most widely recognized and serious type of the dystrophinopathic infections. Dystrophinopathic illnesses are solid dystrophies that are of a hereditary sort brought about by an inadequacy in the protein dystrophin. This protein is crucial to muscle capacity and compression. On account of DMD, there is a transformation in the quality, called the DMD quality, liable for delivering dystrophin causing a lack. This quality transformation is X-connected passive and is acquired. This implies females in the family convey the quality transformation and can give is to their posterity male or female, however it is communicated in the guys. We will compose a custom paper test on Strong Disorders Case Report or on the other hand any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page DMD is generally analyzed when a little fellow gives indications of muscle shortcoming and there is a family ancestry of the infection. Per Genome (2010), â€Å"a muscle biopsy for dystrophin studies should likewise be possible to search for strange degrees of dystrophin in the muscle. † Genome (2010), likewise expresses that â€Å"genetic testing on a blood test for changes in the DMD quality can help build up the analysis of Duchenne’s strong dystrophy without playing out a muscle biopsy. † For most people, a blend of these testing techniques is utilized to affirm a conclusion of DMD. There is no known remedy for DMD. Treatment includes rewarding the manifestations and keeping the patient as agreeable as could be expected under the circumstances. Medline (2012) says that â€Å"steroid medications can slow the loss of muscle quality and might be begun when the youngster is analyzed or when muscle quality starts to decrease. † Other medications, for example, Albuterol, can be utilized to control breathing issues that happen in the later phases of the sickness and medications to help with heart capacities are recommended to help control any cardio manifestations that might be available. The forecast for people with DMD is grim; it is a quickly dynamic infection and patients with DMD generally give up to the malady or complexities from it in their 20’s or 30’s, some of the time significantly prior. I grew up with a family nearby to me in which the two most established young men had DMD. The sickness in the end took both of their lives. The most established kid did live long enough to move on from secondary school yet the more youthful of the two kicked the bucket from confusions when he was 16. It was frightful for the family to hold on and watch their children gradually decay and in the long incredible. This malady kept on plagueing their lives when the girls gave it to their young men presumably still torment them today. There have been extraordinary steps in the field of examination with respect to DMD yet starting at yet no fix has been found. Ideally one day, there will be a solution for this overwhelming, weakening malady and no more families will be compelled to watch their kids pass on directly before their eyes.

How to Use Samples of Business Essay

How to Use Samples of Business EssayYou can find samples of business essay, but you will be astonished to know that the sample actually contains a lot of information that is already in use by writers. This kind of essay works best for those who have a solid grounding in economics and other things related to the field of business.The purpose of samples of business essay is to help a writer get ideas for their work, or to improve upon what they are doing. This type of essay can also be used as a secondary guide, or simply as a way to research for the writing of your essay. If you don't want to write your own essay, then samples of business essay can be used to write some sample essays on your own.The sample essays from samples of business essays will help a writer see the common errors that are present in this kind of writing. Although these errors are similar to other types of writing, they aren't so easily found. On the contrary, this can be a great way to learn new things about busi ness.Since they are using samples of business essay to learn about business writing, you will have to see that the articles contain a common theme in order to effectively learn. There are several different themes that are covered in this type of essay. There are also certain points that can be learned from the type of topics that are covered.The articles you can use as a source will focus on three main topics. These topics include marketing, sales, and the use of business skills. These are three major topics that are covered in almost all essays in the field of business.It is always best to use an example from a piece that is similar to yours in order to avoid any mistakes that can be made by having your personal style of writing copied. In most cases, the styles are fairly similar between the samples of business essay.Most samples of business essay are written by professional writers. You will find many reasons why they have become professionals in this field, such as for the encou ragement of a student or for the pay. For example, business owners in the US are required to earn at least one hundred thousand dollars a year in order to continue being self-employed.Since they are working with different topics, they must study the subject that they are writing about. The writers in this field go to school to learn how to write business essays. With the samples of business essay, you can also learn this important skill.

Taylor Swift, free essay sample

Taylor Swift â€Å"Fearless† collection audit â€Å"You grasp my hand and drag me head first, fearless.† That is just one of the lines on this collection that will stall out in your mind for a considerable length of time. With everything taken into account, Taylor Swift’s sophomore collection is definitely not baffling! It appears to be Swift is guessing any high school girl’s thoughts as every melody unfurls. Each melody is profoundly transparent. It’s practically like each melody is a youthful girl’s journal radiating through in an ardent tune. There are melodies with everything from separations, (You’re Not Sorry, White Horse, and some more) to your first day of High School (Fifteen), to a decent connection with your mom, (The Best Day). In spite of the fact that her vocals can be a touch feeble, she has her own remarkable sound, and it appears to be incomprehensible to picture any other individual singing or recording her tunes! All things considered, is on the grounds that each melo dy on the collection is either composed or co-composed by Taylor herself! The main drawback I would state to the collection is the way that pretty much every melody is the equivalent moderate beat. We will compose a custom exposition test on Taylor Swift, or then again any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page There is the infrequent two, (Forever and Always and Tell Me Why). Additionally, this collection is definitely more fly than her introduction collection, which included more nation twang than this. Having said that, it is as yet a sensational collection. Alert! This collection is irresistible!

The Brand Of Adventure Sandals - 988 Words

A product I bought recently was a pair of adventure sandals (as I call them) for my three year old daughter. She was in need of a pair of shoes for various types of play and outdoor activities for the summer season. My family participates in a lot of outdoor activities in the summer such as hiking, boating, biking and various beach activities so she needed a pair of shoes that are durable and have good traction. There were three brands of adventure sandals I considered for this need; Keen, Chaco and Teva. The three brands are similar in product attributes and price. The other factor was if my daughter liked the way they looked and felt which is a big deal with a three year old. This purchase was a medium involvement purchase. It was a not a low involvement purchase like purchasing a drink or food for dinner but not high involvement either like buying a car or a house. It is a product that we will be using for my daughter for one year, since she will grow out of them. Functionality is very important to me for her shoes since I want her to be safe and have fun in them then we can donate or sell them, worst case scenario throw them away if they are really beat. I evaluated my options based on cognitive evaluation and habit. In other words, two of the brands I chose (Keen and Teva) as alternatives were brands I was familiar with (habit) and the other brand had the same product attributes. In addition, I bought these shoes for the way they looked, considered each sandalShow MoreRelatedBenefits Of Using A Hybrid Lifestyle1550 Words   |  7 Pageswould be a shoe, such as their famous Newport sandal.   The actual product is the Newport featuring the Keen brand name, Keen’s quality manufacturing and design, Keen’s own packaging, and any customizable features that the customer may have requested, such as uniquely colored straps.   This image is what most consumers would picture when they think of Keen shoes; it is the finished physical product.   Finally, the augmented product is the completed Newport sandal plus home delivery of the product (if orderedRead MoreInnovation Club Med3659 Words   |  15 PagesBasically, busines s strategy of Club Med was concentrated on its original members - young adults. Year by year Club Med made technological internal and external developments. Also marketing strategy changed from word-of-mouth to the globally recognized brand of family vacations.   Geographically Club Med expanded rapidly fast. In 1950s hotels were located only in Montenegro, Italy, Spain, Mexico, Israel, Morocco, Tunisia, France, Switzerland and Greece, and now Club Med resorts located in more than 80Read MoreMarketing Plan for Running Shoes1480 Words   |  6 Pageslearning and not professional about the task given by the lecturer. 2.4 Industry Definition The footwear manufacturing industry comprises establishments primarily engaged in manufacturing footwear of any material. This classification includes sandals and slippers, industrial footwear, therapeutic shoes, boots, shoes, and footwear components and accessories. (www.ic.gc.ca ,10:42pm 12/11/2013) 3.0 Situation Analysis GooGo is a newRead MoreBusiness Description And Vision Statement1348 Words   |  6 Pagesparticipating in social activities. They are always on top of the latest fashion and never scared to stand out and be their self. Finds excitement in trying new things. Life Style: daily life includes dinner parties, press tours, always up for an adventure, traveling, exercise, boat rides, spending time with friends, and working. Hobbies: late night walks to find inspiration, reading, wine tasting, Internet savy, always on her phone and the Internet checking for the latest fashion and shopping Da’JaRead MoreSynopsis Of An Tie Shoes 1096 Words   |  5 Pagesto purchase these sacred items. Finally, you are ready to learn to tie your shoelaces. You have your shoes, you have the style, and all that is left is the moment you have been waiting for; to tie your shoe’s laces in a perfect bow. Pulling your brand new shoes out of their box proceed to slide them on as you demonstrated before buying them. With that crisp, fresh new shoe smell, grab one lace in each of your hands and pull the two laces toward yourself. This allows the shoe to become snug enoughRead MoreCrocs Marketing Plan14993 Words   |  60 Pagesstarting in August 2009 and will cover the period until December 2012. In the short term, changes in Crocs’ brand portfolio and new footwear products should attract new segments and increase the target market. Rather than entering new markets, Crocs should stick to its core business of creating quality footwear and use its Croslite material for the new types of footwear. A new fresh and cool brand called Gators will carry sneakers, athletic shoes and casual shoes to attract the teenager segment. FurtherRea d MoreLux Marketing Mix9703 Words   |  39 Pageswith one of its premier brands LUX. HUL leads the market in the toilet soap category with 54.3% market share. Lux has inched up to be on par with Lifebuoy in HULs soaps portfolio. The Lux brand now has an almost equal market share as Hindustan Levers largest selling soap brand - Lifebuoy. This report gives an overview of the history of the company and the brand Lux, the various strategies adopted to survive in the market for over 75 years and the various competing brands. The promotional activitiesRead MoreMarketing Strategies of Godrej6674 Words   |  27 PagesJasani Company, V3 Engineers, PSL Modular Furniture, etc. According to one market survey home improvements (38%) and leisure holidays (37%) as the two pursuits Indian consumers are willing to indulge in. Many of the worlds leading home fashion brands are available in India through domestic retail outlets. Interior decorating is a burgeoning industry in India. Though formerly seen as a facet of architecture, the growing middle class has caused an increased demand for custom-designed decor and furnishingsRead MoreAdvertising and Reebok6354 Words   |  26 Pages Executive summary The objective of the study was to assess the Reebok communication strategies and various means used for creating awareness among its masses. Reebok International, a subsidiary of Adidas quite successfully communicated its brand among the people. Its has created a mark in the market and has a good hold on it. Reebok India is also successful. Overview of the Sector The footwear sector is a diverse industry which covers a wide variety of materials (textile, plastics, rubberRead MoreReebok Marketing Plan11312 Words   |  46 Pages(Reebok, 2011). The company was founded on one important value in the 1890’s, helping athletes run faster (Reebok, 2011). Since then the main vision has been to help athletes fulfill their potential (Reebok, 2011). Reebok is an American- inspired global brand, which celebrates individuality of the athlete while also helping the athlete to obtain goals they once thought unattainable (Reebok, 2011). Reebok is a subsidiary of Adidas Sportswear. Current Marketing Mix Product and Pricing: RealFlex Footwear

Alcoholism as a Disability - 4543 Words

Outline Introduction Business Situation Description Analysis with Three Ethical Theories Behavior vs. Disability Negligent Hiring/Retention Government Agency Precedent for punishing alcohol abusers Application of Relevant Law At Will Employment Negligent Hiring Expanded Abuse of Legal System Reasonable Accommodations Home Depot Firing Similar to Blazek Situation Alcohol Policies should Match Practice ADAs Potential Misclassification of Alcoholism Recommendation to Employer Conclusion Alcoholism as a Disability There are hundreds to thousands of different situations and events that could be used as a case study for the subject of this paper, but the one that shall be used is especially informative and relevant. An employee in Ohio who was ostensibly battling alcoholism, which is defined as a disability under the Americans with Disabilities Act, was fired for consuming alcohol on the job. The employee sued under the ADA because the employer allegedly did not take his disability into account before firing him. The employer did the right thing and should do whatever it takes to prevent an employee, alcoholic or not, from endangering fellow employees or the public. Business Situation The business in this instance was actually a government agency, specifically the city of Lakewood in the state of Ohio, but practically everything said and argued in this report would be applicable to this situation regardless of that being the case. A city employee byShow MoreRelatedThe Health Care Issue And Health Problem1632 Words   |  7 Pageslegislator why it is a problem needing legislative attention. The health care issue or health issues that raise a concern is that many people are suffering from alcoholism and are in need of immediate care but cannot afford the proper care. I firmly believe that free outpatient counseling can help those individuals diagnosed with alcoholism be able to steer in a sober direction. Alcohol use across the globe is prevalent and is very harmful to the human population. According to World Health OrganizationRead MoreCauses And Effects Of Alcoholism1194 Words   |  5 PagesCause and effects of Alcoholism Alcoholism has become prevalent throughout time in History. This affliction has brought about several negative effects to the users as well as America’s society in general. Such effects include brain damage or organ failure, separation from family and eventually death. It is not easy to tell if a person abuses alcohol until much later. Alcohol abuse calls for total attention because of the violence-related risks it symbolizes in society. Despite alcohol’s acute harmfulRead MoreAlcohol Dependence Syndrome Threatens And Affects The Individual, Family Life And Society769 Words   |  4 Pagesa chronic disease. Alcoholism is one of the leading causes of disability worldwide. According to the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (2015), despite all the focus on illegal drugs of abuse such as cocaine, alcohol remains the number one drug problem in the United States. Nearly 17 million adults in the U.S. are dependent on alcohol or have other alcohol-related pro blems, and about 88,000 people die from preventable alcohol-related causes. For many, alcoholism can be held in remissionRead MoreAlcoholism Essay910 Words   |  4 PagesAlcholism There are several different ways to describe substance abuse. So many people think that substance abuse only pertains to alcoholism. There is several other substances that may cause someone to be diagnosed with substance abuse disorder. Some of those things include: marijuana, alcohol, stimulants(cocaine and amphetamines), Hallucinogens, Inhalants, sedatives, and even nicotine. Even though some people may not see some of these things as things that may become addicting they are. MoreRead MoreFactors, Symptoms and Treatment of Alcoholism Essay1199 Words   |  5 PagesAlcoholism is a chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors. The disease is often progressive and fatal if left untreated. It is characterized by impaired control over alcohol use despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking. There are critics who disagree with calling Alcoholism a disease despite the definition on the word disease which means an involuntary disability but the fact that alcoholism is a disease is widely accepted within the medical and scientificRead MoreThe Disorder Of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome1018 Words   |  5 PagesStates(Bailey and Sokol,2008).There are many factors that determine how badly a fetus or embryo can be damaged or suffer birth defects due to alcoholism during pregnancy. Some of these factors include genetic background, timing and level of alcohol exposure, and the mother s nutritional status (Guerri et al. 2013; Warren and Li 2005). The most serious consequence of alcoholism during pregnancy is fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), which has an estimated prevalence that ranges from 0.5 to 7.0 cases per 1,000 birthsRead MoreWithdrawal from Alcohol Addiction819 Words   |  3 Pagesseizures—these withdrawal symptoms are endured regularly by people with extreme alcohol addicti on. Alcoholism presents life-ravaging problems: negligence, anger issues, propensity for hazardous behavior, and longer recovery from alcohol use’s aftereffects (#1). Alcoholics exhibit diminished immunities and are at elevated risk for cancer, epilepsy, cardiovascular disease, HIV/AIDS, and more. Alcoholism is both devastating and alarmingly common, affecting 4-5% of the United States’ population (#2). WorldwideRead MoreAlcoholism And Its Effects On Society1099 Words   |  5 Pagesall cultures, professions, different ages all over the world. It is well known that alcoholism and the abuse of alcohol cause serious medical, psychiatric, social, economic and legal problems (Potkonjak, J. et al. 2005). Alcohol abuse is one of biggest problems in the United States today. It is not only a problem that affects individuals lives, but is a problem that affects society as whole. Alcoholism is the most widespread form of substances used in the United States that effecting at leastRead MoreFaverty V Mcdonald’s Restaurants of Oregon, Inc. and Gacioch V Stroh Brewery Co.1205 Words   |  5 Pagesthe time of the accident. Theurer was on his own time when he drove home from work. Gacioch v Stroh Brewery Co. 396 N.W.2D 1 Facts: Casimer Gacioch worked for Stroh Brewery in 1947. He began working for Stroh and he was predisposed to alcoholism. Stroh offered unlimited beer to their employees on their breaks. Mr. Gacioch was a machine operator and drank about twelve bottles a day where on the weekends he only drank three or four beers. Stroh Brewery required Mr. Gacioch to sign an agreementRead MoreAlcoholism Is Not A Lifestyle Choice For Alcoholics1047 Words   |  5 PagesAlcoholism is not a lifestyle choice for alcoholics. It is a disease, like cancer, where intervention, treatment, and follow up are needed to recover. As with cancer, remission and a cure cannot be guaranteed. Alcohol causes a wide range of negative effects in the lives of alcoholics and those who know and love them. One drink of alcohol is considered 5 ounces of wine, 12 ounces of beer, or 1.5 ounces of 80 proof distilled spirits such as vodka or whiskey (Schmitt). â€Å"If you are a man under age 65

The First Movement Of Beethoven s Piano Sonata No

In the first movement of Beethoven’s Piano Sonata No. 1 in F Minor, op. 2, the composer draws on a variety of stylistic strands that contributed to the evolution of the mature classical style. Through an analysis of specific musical elements, which include references to form and style, structure, harmony, thematic material, dynamics and textural considerations, I will show how Beethoven adheres to the formal and stylistic conventions associated with the sonata during this period, as well as how he asserted his own voice, creating his own â€Å"Beethovenian† style. Beethoven makes use of a multitude of styles throughout the exposition, moving from style galant to Sturm und Drang and ending in empfandsamer. The primary theme in mm. 1-8 exemplifies the qualities of style galant. Beethoven uses a two-measure long motive repeatedly in the right hand and block chords in the left. The dominant right hand melody with chordal accompaniment in the left is an indicator for style g alant. In m. 9 he begins the transition away from F minor, and arrives at A flat Major in m. 20. As he introduces new material in mm. 15-19, Beethoven continues to use these qualities. After the transition comes the secondary theme in m. 20. The secondary theme displays a legato-lyrical ascending pattern with chromatic points, varying drastically from the much more detached melody in the first primary theme. The secondary theme starts at piano like the first theme, but varies its dynamics with forzandos on beatShow MoreRelatedLudwig Van Beethoven, An Era Of The 19th Century European Classical Music1332 Words   |  6 PagesLudwig Van Beethoven, (1770-1827) is a dominant figure of the 19th century European Classical music. He was born in Bonn, Germany, and spent most of his life in Vienna, Austria. Beethoven died at the age of 56, and his death was later found to have been caused by post-hepatitic cirrhosis of the liver, which provided clues to the origins of his deafness. His music al life is divided into three different periods: early, middle, and late. Opus 10 No. 3: Piano Sonata No.7 in D Major - First Movement (Presto)Read MoreLudwig Van Beethoven945 Words   |  4 PagesLudwig van Beethoven Beethoven was born in Bonn, Germany in 1770 to Johann van Beethoven and his wife, Maria Magdalena. He took his first music lessons from his father, who was tenor in the choir of the archbishop-elector of Cologne. His father was an unstable, yet ambitious man whose excessive drinking, rough temper and anxiety surprisingly did not diminish Beethoven s love for music. He studied and performed with great success, despite becoming the breadwinner of his household by the time heRead MoreProgramme Notes1205 Words   |  5 Pagesorganists, town instrumentalists, or Cantors, for many years and the family name enjoyed widespread renown for their musical talent. While he was ten, he was orphaned and went to live with his elder brother Johann Christoph, organist at St. Michael s Church, where he was given lessons on the organ and the keyboard. The term ‘Partita’ refers to a suite of dances. It was (assumed) written for Bach’s wife, Maria. A transition for lute was also made by the composer, cataloged as BWV 1006a. The termRead MoreLudwig Van Beethoven, Pianist And Composer1381 Words   |  6 PagesDuring the late 18th century, Ludwig van Beethoven, pianist and composer, began to his glorious rise to fame in the world of music. After moving to Vienna and becoming a pupil of the celebrated Joseph Haydn, Beethoven commenced his period of compositional productivity and creativity, as known as the â€Å"Heroic Phase† or â€Å"The Middle Period†. Beethoven’s musical style and productivity were heavily based off Romanticism, the idea of expressing one self’s thoughts and emotions freely through the artsRead MoreLudwig Van Beethoven ( 1770-1827 )1428 Words   |  6 PagesLudwig van Beethoven (1770-1827) was a German composer, a representative of the Viennese classical musical school; was born in Bonn, but spent most of his life in Vienna. Notably, Beethoven s music is a complex synthesis of creative achievements of the Viennese classics (Gluck, Haydn, Mozart); art of the French Revolution; and the new emerging artistic direction, Romanticism. The works of Beethoven bear the imprint of ideology, aesthetics, and art of the Enlightenment. This explains the logic,Read MoreThe Rise Of Ludwig Van Beethoven1458 Words   |  6 PagesThe rise of Ludwig van Beethoven into the ranks of history s greatest composers was paralleled by and in some ways a consequence of his own personal tragedy and despair. Beginning in the late 1790 s, the increasing buzzing and humming in his ears sent Beethoven into a panic, searching for a cure from doctor to doctor. By October 1802 he had written the Heiligenstadt Testament confessing the certainty of his growing deafness, his consequent despair, and suicidal considerations. Yet, despiteRead MoreMusic From Mozart s 1st Movement, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart ( 1788 )1405 Words   |  6 PagesK.545 Sonata 1st Movement, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1788), Classical The K.545 Sonata is probably my favorite piece of music from Mozart’s sonatas. Mozart had such great musicality when playing the piano. He had a structure in mind when composing the song since he has an exposition, development and recapitulation The piano sonata is also known as the piano facile however there are three movements to the entire piece as would any typical sonata. I like the sound and the way the notes flow. The firstRead MoreBiography Of Ludwig Van Beethoven s Influence On The Development Of World Music957 Words   |  4 PagesVan Beethoven was born in Bonn. He born on December 17, 1770, and died on March 16, 1827. He was a German composer and musician, one of Vienna’s classical music representatives. His music had a great contribution to the world music. He set the culmination of classical music in the Classical Era (1750-1820), while opening up the road of the romantic music in the Romantic Era (1820-1900), played an important role on the development o f world music. He created â€Å"nine numbered symphonies, 32 piano sonatasRead MoreThe Talented Prokofiev And Beethoven Essay1775 Words   |  8 PagesSamantha Davis MUSIC 1302 Professor Eldridge The Talented Prokofiev and Beethoven Throughout history, many musicians and composers made a great impact on the musical world as we know it today. Some of the greats were Sergei Prokofiev and Beethoven. Even though they came in different time periods, they both made a huge impact on the musical world. Sergei Prokofiev was a 20th century Russian composer. His father, Sergei Alekseievich Prokofiev, was an agriculturalist and hisRead MoreThe Van Beethoven s Musical Style And Innovations1263 Words   |  6 PagesLuwig Van Beethoven Ludwig Van Beethoven was born in Bonn, Germany and spent his musical career in Vienna. Beethoven is â€Å"widely considered to be one of the pre-eminent classical music figures of the Western world† (Beethoven 5). Beethoven was taught music by his father, but by the age of nine he had already outstripped his father’s musical knowledge and was taken under the wing of Gottlob Neefe. Neefe â€Å"schooled Beethoven in both piano playing and basic composition, introducing him to the works of

Job Involvement free essay sample

The Effect of Job Involvement on Correctional Staff Eric G. Lambert The driving force of corrections is the staff of correctional facilities. It is important to understand how the work environment shapes the attitudes of correctional staff; yet, the effect of job involvement on correctional employees has received little, if any, attention. Most of the research to date has focused on job stress and job satisfaction among correctional staff. Only recently has there been research on other important work attitudes, such as job involvement. Job involvement may have important effects on salient work outcomes. Therefore, there is a need to explore how job involvement may influence correctional staff job stress, job satisfaction, organizational commitment, life satisfaction, turnover intentions, family-on-work conflict, and work-on-family conflict. By using data acquired from a survey of staff of a state-run correctional facility in the Midwest, the researcher examined the effects of job involvement on correctional staff job stress, job satisfaction, organizational commitment, life satisfaction, turnover intentions, family-on-work conflict, and work-on-family conflict. After controlling for gender, age, tenure, position, educational level, race, and supervisory status, the researcher conducted a multivariate analysis, which indicated that job involvement had a statistically significant positive relationship with job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and both forms of work-family conflict. Job involvement was observed to have non-significant direct effects on correctional staff job stress, life satisfaction, and turnover intentions. Work in corrections is often a hard, demanding job that usually holds little prestige in society, but it also can be a rewarding experience. â€Å"Few other organizations are charged with the central task of supervising and securing an unwilling and potentially violent population† (Armstrong Griffin, 2004, p. 577). Armstrong and Griffin further contend that â€Å"correctional institutions are unique work environments in both context and purpose† (2004, p. 577). Further, corrections occupies an important place in the criminal justice system as well as in society (Goodstein MacKenzie, 1989). Due to the importance of corrections in society and the criminal justice system, a growing body of research involves correctional officers. This research is required to understand how correctional staff influence the organization and, in turn, how the correctional organization affects the workers. Correctional staff are the heart and soul of any correctional organization. Staff are responsible for myriad tasks and responsibilities that ensure that the organization meets its goals of providing a safe, humane, and secure environment. Correctional organizations succeed (or fail) based on their employees. Archambeault and Archambeault point out that â€Å"correctional workers represent the single most important resource available to any correctional agency or institution in attempting to accomplish its mission, goals, and objectives† (1982: xxii). Correctional staff are the driving force of any correctional organization. The correctional staff literature to date has focused mainly on the effects of work environment on the attitudes and behaviors of correctional staff, particularly on the antecedents of job stress, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment. While many studies have focused on antecedents of work factors involving correctional staff, not all possible antecedents have been examined. The concept of job involvement has received very little attention in the correctional literature. This oversight is salient. Job involvement has been 1 theorized to be the force that helps shape many employee and organizational outcomes. Diefendorff, Brown, Kamin, and Lord argue that job involvement is â€Å"a key factor influencing important individual and organizational outcomes† (2002, 93). Furthermore, Brown contends that â€Å"increasing job involvement can enhance organizational effectiveness and productivity by engaging employees more completely in their work and making work a more meaningful and fulfilling experience† (1996, 235). Outside the field of corrections, job involvement is theorized to be an antecedent of job stress, job satisfaction, organizational commitment, life satisfaction, turnover intentions, and work-family conflict (Brown, 1996). Nevertheless, due to a lack of empirical exploration in the correctional literature, there is a question of what, if any, effects job involvement has on correctional staff job stress, job satisfaction, organizational commitment, life satisfaction, turnover intentions, and work-family conflict. This preliminary study examines an empirical void in the correctional literature: the effects of job involvement on correctional staff. Specifically, it examines the effect of job involvement by means of a multivariate analysis, while controlling for the personal characteristics of gender, age, tenure, position, educational level, race, and supervisory status, on correctional staff job stress, job satisfaction, organizational commitment, life satisfaction, turnover intentions, and work-family conflict. Literature Review Job involvement is the degree of importance an individual assigns the job in his or her life (i. e. , central life interest) (Dubin, 1956; Elloy, Everett, Flynn, 1995; Kanungo, 1982a, 1982b; Paullay, Alliger, StoneRomero, 1994). It is the psychological identification a person has with his or her job (Blau Boal, 1987; Brown Leigh, 1996; DeCarufel Schaan, 1990; Kanungo, 1982a, 1982b; and Lawler Hall, 1970). An individual with a high degree of job involvement would place the job at the center of his/her life=s interests. The well-known phrase ‘I live, eat, and breathe my job’ would describe someone whose job involvement is very high. . . . Persons with low job involvement would place something other than their jobs (e. g. , family, hobbies) at the center of their lives† (DeCarufel Schaan, 1990, 86). The opposite of job involvement is job alienation (Kanungo, 1979, 1982a). Job involvement is a distinct concept that differs from the concept of work ethic (Kanungo, 1982a, 1982b), which refers to the belief that work is important, and people should engage in work to better themselves (DeCarufel Schaan, 1990). Job involvement is also a distinct concept from job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Job involvement is the importance of the person’s job/work in his or her life, and job satisfaction is the degree of satisfaction an employee obtains from his or her job (Kanungo, 1982b). â€Å"[D]istinctions between emotional state of liking one=s job (job satisfaction) and the cognitive belief state of physiological identification with one’s job (job involvement) have been advanced for some time† (Brooke, Russell, Price, 1988, 139). Furthermore, organizational commitment is a bond with the organization, while job involvement is an attachment to the specific job (Kanungo, 1982a). Moreover, by using factor analytic procedures, Brooke et al. demonstrated empirically that job involvement, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment are indeed separate, distinct concepts. Job involvement is a critical factor in shaping worker outcomes (Diefendorff et al. , 2002; Lawler, 1986); for example, Hackman and Lawler (1971) theorize that job involvement is a salient factor in shaping the 2 otivation of individual workers. Yet, little research has been conducted on the effects of job involvement among criminal justice workers. Most of the criminal justice research on job involvement has been limited to the police. A study of police psychologists found no statistically significant correlation between job involvement and job satisfaction (Bergen, Aceto, Chadziewicz, 1992). A study of Canadian police officers observed that j ob involvement correlated positively with both job satisfaction and organizational commitment (DeCarufel Schaan, 1990). A study of Midwestern police officers observed that job involvement correlated significantly with organizational commitment and turnover intentions (McElroy, Morrow, Wardlow, 1999). In a study of Southern police officers, Lord (1996) reported a relationship between job involvement and the stressors of role conflict and role ambiguity. A study of Midwestern police officers found that supervisory initiation of structure in the workplace correlated positively with the level of self-reported job involvement (Brief, Aldag, Wallden, 1976). Another study of Midwestern police officers reported that job involvement decreased during the eight months after academy training (Hazer Alvares, 1981). A study of New Zealand police officers found no difference in level of job involvement between male and female respondents (Love Singer, 1988). Little, if any, published research exists on the effects of job involvement among correctional staff. Job stress is generally defined in the correctional literature as a worker’s feelings of job-related difficulty, tension, anxiety, and distress (Cullen, Link, Wolfe, Frank, 1985; Grossi, Keil, Vito, 1996). The researcher predicted that job involvement has a negative effect on job stress: those who are not involved do not look forward to their jobs; they work in jobs they care little about. Further, employees alienated from the job find it frustrating to attend work, day after day, which ultimately leads to increased job stress. Conversely, people who identify psychologically with their jobs may look forward to work. Locke defines job satisfaction as â€Å"a pleasurable or positive emotional state resulting from the appraisal of one=s job or job experiences† (1976, 1300). Job satisfaction is an affective response by a worker concerning his or her particular job, and it results from an overall comparison of actual outcomes with outcomes the worker needs, wants, or desires (Cranny, Smith, Stone, 1992). Job satisfaction is the degree to which an individual likes his or her job (Spector, 1996). The researcher hypothesized that job involvement has a positive relationship with job satisfaction among correctional employees: people who are involved in work find it stimulating, which makes the job more satisfying. Organizational commitment is loyalty to the organization, identification with the organization and its core values (i. e. , pride in the organization and internalization of the goals of the organization), and a desire for involvement in the organization (Mowday, Porter, Steers, 1982; Mowday, Steers, Porter, 1979). A global concept, organizational commitment is much more than just a bond to the job or a work group. It is a commitment to the whole employing organization (Lambert, Barton, Hogan, 1999). The researcher postulated that job involvement has a positive effect on organizational commitment: people who are not involved with their jobs are probably more likely to blame the organization for having a job they care little about, which means less likelihood of commitment to the organization. Conversely, people who are involved should form a greater bond with the organization from which the job originates. Life satisfaction is the cognitive appraisal of the overall degree of satisfaction a person has with his or her life (Donovan Halpern, 2002; Hart, 1999); it is a person’s overall assessment of the quality of his or her life. The importance of work in a person’s life might affect a person’s overall satisfaction with life. 3 Therefore, the researcher predicted that job involvement has a positive relationship with correctional staff life satisfaction. Work is an important part of most peoples’ lives and occupies a significant proportion of their waking day. Besides consuming a considerable amount of time, a person’s job often shapes his or her identity (Lambert, Hogan, Paoline, Baker, 2005). According to Terkel (1974), a job for many people provides â€Å"daily meaning as well as daily bread† (p. xi). If correctional staff have high job involvement, they should report greater satisfaction with life because they think they have purpose. Correctional workers who have low job involvement should report lower life satisfaction because they have a job they have little interest in doing. Turnover intentions are the cognitive process of thinking, planning, and desiring to leave a job (Mobley, Griffeth, Hand, Meglino, 1979). Turnover intentions generally occur before actual turnover; moreover, turnover intentions are generally the best predictor of voluntary turnover (Steel Ovalle, 1984). According to Fishbein and Ajzen, â€Å"The best single predictor of an individual=s behavior will be a measure of his intention to perform that behavior† (1975, p. 369). The author hypothesized that job involvement is inversely linked with turnover intentions among correctional employees; people with high job involvement have little reason to leave the job. Conversely, correctional workers who are alienated from their jobs may, over time, develop a strong desire to leave their jobs. Work-family conflict is â€Å"a form of inter-role conflict in which the role pressures from the work and family domains are mutually incompatible in some respect. That is, participation in the work (family) role is made more difficult by participation in the family (work) role† (Greenhaus Beutell, 1985, p. 77). Work-family conflict can be divided into two primary dimensions. One dimension occurs when family or social matters cause conflict at work. This type of work-family conflict is called family-on-work conflict. The second dimension of work-family conflict occurs when work matters affect family or social life, and this dimension is called work-on-family conflict (Netermeyer, Boles, McMurrian, 1996). Job involvement could be related to family-on-work conflict. Workers with low job involvement might not care when home issues cause distractions at work; however, employees who are highly involved with work may have greater family-onwork conflict. Job involvement could also be linked with work-on-family conflict. Brown argues that â€Å"high levels of job involvement could possibly lead to trading off family commitments in favor of job commitments† (1996, p. 239). Individuals too occupied with their jobs may experience problems at home when family members or friends push them to pend less time focused on the job. Thus, the researcher postulated that job involvement has a statistically significant positive correlation with both family-on-work conflict and workon-family conflict among correctional employees. Methods Respondents The researcher administered a questionnaire to the staff at a Midwestern state correctional institution that houses mainly medium to maximum security adu lt male inmates younger than aged 26 years. Staff were informed the survey was voluntary and their responses would be anonymous. Of the 400 surveys issued, a total of 272 useable surveys were returned, which is a response rate of 68%. Respondents represented all areas of the correctional facility, such as correctional officers, case managers, medical staff, industry staff, and food service workers. The respondents also represented various administrative levels of the correctional facility, from line staff to supervisors and managers. The respondents appeared to be 4 representative of the staff at the prison. Among the total prison staff, approximately 77% were male, 86% were White, and 53% were correctional officers. Among the respondents, about 76% were male, 81% were White, and 50% were correctional officers. Variables Control Variables. The personal characteristics of gender, age, tenure, position, educational level, race, and supervisory status were selected as control variables. Gender was measured as a dichotomous variable (0 = female and 1 = male); 76% of the respondents were male. Age was measured in continuous years and had a mean of 42. 55 years, with a standard deviation of 8. 32. Tenure at the correctional facility was measured in continuous years and had a mean of 9. 4 years, with a standard deviation of 6. 82. Position was measured according to whether the respondent worked in custody (coded as 1) or not (coded as 0); 50% were correctional officers. For this study, educational level represented whether a respondent had earned a college degree (1) or not (0); 41% of the respondents had earned some type of college degree (i. e. , associate’s, bachelor’s, master’s, or professional). Race was measured as a dichotomous variable (0 = Nonwhite and 1 = White); 81% of the respondents marked White. Finally, a variable representing whether the espondent was a supervisor of other workers (1) or not (0) was created; 24% of the respondents indicated they were supervisors. Job Involvement. Job involvement was measured by using the response to three items (â€Å"I live, eat, and breathe my job,† â€Å"The most important things that happen to me in my life usually occur at work,† and â€Å"The major satisfaction in my life comes from work†). The items were adopted from Lawler and Hall (1970). Those surveyed responded to the three items by using a five-point Likert type of scale ranging from strongly disagree to agree, and the responses were summed together to form a job involvement index. Dependent Variables. Job stress was measured by using five items (e. g. , â€Å"During the past 6 months, how often have you experienced a feeling of being emotionally drained at the end of the workday† and â€Å"During the past 6 months, how often have you experienced a feeling of worry that the job is hardening you emotionally†) from the Prison Social Climate Survey of the Federal Bureau of Prisons (Wright Saylor, 1992). The response options for the job stress items were rarely occurs, seldom occurs, occurs somewhat, usually occurs, and occurs frequently. Job satisfaction was measured by using five items (e. g. , â€Å"Most days I am enthusiastic about my job† and â€Å"I find real enjoyment in my job†) from Brayfield and Rothe (1951). Respondents answered the job satisfaction items by using a five-point Likert type of scale ranging from strongly disagree to agree. Nine items from Mowday et al. (1982) were used to measure organizational commitment (e. g. , â€Å"I really care about the fate of this prison,† â€Å"I feel little loyalty to this prison† (reverse coded), and â€Å"I find that my values and the prison=s values are very similar†).